In response to the current problems of aging in China, unbalanced labor supply and demand, and family pressure, our country has introduced a comprehensive two-child policy. This article is an analysis of the impact of the comprehensive two-child policy on the Chinese population. The population of the Chinese population from 2015 to 2030 is forecasted by improving the Leslie matrix population prediction algorithm, as well as the progressive deduction method and the queue element method based on the demographic factors and demographic principles of the population itself. Applying MATLAB and SPSS software, long-term and short-term labor problems, ageing issues, and dependency ratios after the implementation of the second-child policy are predicted. Comparing the data obtained with the existing data, it is concluded that the opening of the second child has a positive effect on China’s economic development, the alleviation of aging, and the increase in the number of laborers.